On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life

In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history, Authors of the highest eminence seem to be fully satisfied with the view that each species has been inde- pendently created. To my mind it accords better with what we know of the laws impressed on matter by the Creator, that the production and extinction of the past and present inhabitants of the world should have been due to secondary causes, like those determining the birth and death of the individual. When I view all beings not as special creations, but as the lineal de- scendants of some few beings which lived long before the

first bed of the Silurian system was deposited, they seem to me to become ennobled. Judging from the past, we may safely infer that not one living species will trans- mit its unaltered likeness to a distant futurity. And of the species now living very few will transmit progeny of any kind to a far distant futurity ; for the manner in which all organic beings are grouped, shows that the greater number of species of each genus, and all the species of many genera, have left no descendants, but have become ‘utterly extinct. We can so far take a prophetic glance into futurity as to foretel that it will be the common and widely-spread species, belonging to the larger and dominant groups, which will ultimately prevail and procreate new and dominant species. As all the living forms of life are the lineal descendants of those which lived long before the Silurian epoch, we may feel certain that the ordinary succession by genera- tion has never once been broken, and that no cataclysm has desolated the whole world. Hence we may look with some confidence to a secure future of equally in- appreciable leneth. And as natural selection works solely by and for the good of each being, all corporeal and mental endowments will tend to progress towards perfection.

It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us. These laws, taken in the largest sense, being Growth with Reproduction; Inheritance which is almost implied by reproduction; Variability from the indirect and direct action of the external con-

ditions of life, and from use and disuse; a Ratio of In- crease so high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a consequence to Natural Selection, entailing Divergence of Character and the Extinction of less-improved forms. Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of con- ceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gra- vity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.

on parallelism of embryological development and geological succes- sion, 449, Circumstances favourable to selection of domestic products, 40. Conditions, slight changes in,. favour- able to fertility, 267. Crossing of domestic animals, import- ance in altering breeds, 20. denly becoming rare, 175. ‘ , on distribution of plants with large seeds, 360. Edwards, Milne, on physiological divi- sions of labour, 115. Fries on species in large genera being closely allied to other species, 57.

in United States, 85. , varieties of, acclimatised in United States, 142. Heusinger on white animals not poisoned by certain plants, 12. Kirby on tarsi deficient in beetles, 135, Knight, Andrew, on cause of variation, Lamarck on adaptive characters, 427, Land-shells, distribution of, 397. ——, on tertiary formations of Europe and North America, 323. Naturalisation of forms distinct from the indigenous species, 115. Owen, Prof., on birds not flying, 134. , on vegetative repetition, 149. ,on variable length of arms in ourang-outang, 150.

, on fossil horse of La Plata, 319. , on relations of ruminants and pachyderms, 329. Pallas on the fertility of the wild stocks of domestic animals, 253. Plants, poisonous, not affecting certain coloured animals, 12. Prestwich, Mr., on English and French eocene formations, 328. Sedgwick, Prof., on groups of species suddenly appearing, 302. Selection of domestic products, 29. » principle not of recent origin, , Mr., of Jordan Hill, on the de- gradation of coast-rocks, 283.

Utility, how far important in the con- struction of each part, 199. Volcanic islands, denudation of, 284. Vulture, naked skin on head, 197. Watson, Mr. H.C., on range of varieties of British plants, 58. Westwood on species in large genera being closely allied to others, 57. ABBOTT'S (Rev. J.) Philip Musgrave; or, Memoirs of a Church of England Missionary in the North American Colonies. “Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. ABERCROMBIE’S (Joun, M.D.) Enquiries concerning the Intel- lectual Powers and the Investigation of Truth. Fifteenth Edition. Feap.8yo. 6s. 6d.

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