Articles.

Spatial voltage pattern across a tissue that predicts and guides later anatomy.

Tumour formation tied to cell membrane voltage and cell-to-cell communication, not oncogenes alone.

Electric current between injured and intact tissue, reduced on excitation and later linked to wound healing.

Shifts of membrane voltage toward or away from zero, read first as excitation and later as tissue signals.

Voltage changes recorded from nervous tissue, first as evoked potentials and spontaneous oscillations in animal cortex.

Early twentieth century measures of how salts and injury change tissue resistance, conductivity and permeability.

The electrical change that accompanies excitation in nerve, muscle and plant tissue.

Directed movement of cells and animals in an electric current, toward the anode or cathode.

Membrane channels joining neighbouring cells that pass ions and small molecules, and so carry voltage.

A proposal that voltage-gated gap junctions adjust slowly to stabilise current, applied to pancreatic beta cells.

Membrane proteins that move ions and set the voltage cells use as a signal.

How membrane voltage and ion channels relate to stem cell potency, self-renewal and differentiation.

Stage-specific voltage differences across follicle cells and oocyte, read with the dye DiBAC.

Serotonin and related molecules signal in embryos, regenerating worms, plants and sponges that have no nervous system.

Voltage-sensitive dyes and fluorescence lifetime imaging used to read cell membrane potential, checked against patch clamp.

A zebrafish mutant links an inward rectifier potassium channel to where pigment cells sit.

The steady voltage across a cell membrane, studied as a signal as well as a background for firing.

Electron transfer pumps protons across a membrane, and the gradient drives ATP synthesis.

Green tissue uses light to turn carbon dioxide into sugar, storing solar energy for life.

How a cell's energy-yielding reactions shape its behaviour, development and the choice between glycolysis and respiration.

How mitochondria divide, merge and are cleared, and how this tracks cell energy state.

The electrical part of the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and what it drives.

Electron flow along the respiratory chain to oxygen drives proton pumping and ATP synthesis in mitochondria.

Reactive oxygen molecules that signal at low levels and damage cells at high levels.

Nasonov's protein-denaturation account of excitation and damage, set beside questions about protons and the bulk phase.

Graded differences in metabolic rate along a body axis, proposed by Child as the basis of polarity.

Machines built from living cells, from frog-derived xenobots to human-derived anthrobots.

Dynamical-systems tools that describe how developing tissue settles on stable patterns and switches between them.

Concentration of nervous tissue at the anterior end and control that region exerts over the body.

The view that egg cytoplasm is mapped into regions that correspond to future embryonic parts.

Early physiologists proposed that electronegativity and cell polarization steer nerve growth and excitation.

Genes that read maternal gradients and repress one another to mark head-to-tail position in fly embryos.

Models of gene interaction as ON/OFF nodes whose joint states and transitions form a state space.

Child's finding that regions along a body axis differ in susceptibility and acclimation to depressants.

The consistent difference between the two sides of an outwardly symmetrical body, and how embryos set it.

Ultraweak ultraviolet light from living cells, once said to trigger cell division in neighbouring cells.

A developmental concept for self-organizing patterning domains, discussed alongside positional information and electric fields.

Neoblasts are the dividing adult stem cells of planarians, and the source of their regeneration.

Surface tension, pressure and mechanical stress as partial causes of the shapes of cells and tissues.

Asymmetry along an axis, such as head versus tail, that survives cutting and regeneration.

Restoration of lost body parts, studied as nuclear, gradient, signalling and bioelectric control of pattern.

Self-motile proto-organisms built from frog skin cells that replicate by gathering loose cells.

The anatomical form a tissue works to build and restore, treated as a stored setpoint.

Action possibilities inferred from cues, and how action is chosen under inference or reinforcement accounts.

Whether plants learn to link a neutral stimulus with a significant one, and the dispute.

How bacteria steer in chemical gradients by switching flagellar rotation through phosphorylated CheY.

Bacterial responses that depend on past environments, and attempts to measure how long and how much.

Memory, learning and problem solving studied in cells, tissues and organisms that have no brain.

How Amoeba, Paramecium and Stentor move, regenerate and respond, and whether a single cell can learn.

Revolving growth movement of plant organs, treated by Darwin as the base of directed movements.

Groups of cells treated as problem solvers that pursue shared anatomical goals.

A response that a formerly neutral stimulus comes to trigger after repeated pairing with an effective one.

Observable signs, such as fitting action or learning, proposed for deciding whether an organism has mind.

How the single-celled Physarum plasmodium forages, chooses routes and shows learning without a nervous system.

Choosing between a familiar option and sampling others, and the rules organisms may use to decide.

Movements imposed on an animal by unequal tension in its muscles, and the corrections that offset them.

A settled way of acting that a structure can change if it is plastic enough.

Planarians regrow heads and brains; held texts link this to stored form and adaptive behaviour.

Long-term sensitization memory in Aplysia returned after treatments that had erased its behavioral and synaptic signs.

Whether memories formed by larvae survive the pruning and rebuilding of the nervous system in metamorphosis.

How organisms combine several signals into one behavior, and which stimulus takes priority.

Darwin's statement that the tip of the radicle acts like a brain, and related views.

Proposal that a cell's membrane sensors and cytoskeleton act as its brain, memory and self.

Reacting with varied movements and keeping those that relieve the difficulty; Jennings's account, disputed by Loeb.

A directed movement of a growing organism set by the direction of an outside stimulus.

The environment as defined by a particular organism, not a set of observer-independent objects.

Systems that persist act as if minimizing surprise, so perception and action share one cost.

Reaching a typical end by flexible means, once called teleology, now studied in cells and tissues.

Layered generative models of hidden states, inferred by minimising variational free energy under Gaussian assumptions.

Precision is the weight given to a signal or prediction, tied to gain and dopamine.

Living systems modelled as minimising error between top-down predictions and sensed input, via perception and action.

Molecular networks that count environmental transitions and estimate what comes next, without a nervous system.

The spatial and temporal reach of goals a system can pursue, which defines its self.

The dispute over whether life needs a special force or reduces to physics and chemistry.

Self-making living boundaries, and the statistical partition that separates an organism's internal states from its environment.

A measure of causal power at each scale, used to ask when a coarser description wins.

How many microscopic states are summarised as macroscopic variables that the parts then respond to.

Random networks used as starting points, null baselines, and models of adaptation by search.

Non-living systems of diffusion, osmotic membranes and liquid crystals used to imitate cell growth and form.

How a boundary of states separates inside from outside, and what observers can know.

Memory that fades with the transient, versus memory held by a system's stable states.

A product that speeds its own formation; with diffusion it can generate spatial patterns.

Software search over possible forms using evolutionary algorithms, simulation filters and gradient methods.

Variation that falls into separate groups with gaps between them, rather than shading smoothly from one form to the next.

How variation and selection reshape living systems, and why biological systems do so readily.

The view that common substances such as water suit life, separate from any adaptation by organisms.

Weismann's view that heredity lives in chromosomes of the germ line, and the barrier it implied.

Some tissue forms follow from the physical nature of cell masses, not from instructions for each shape.

Study of living systems beyond Earth's single lineage, using synthetic and exobiological constructs.

Darwin's argument that surplus births cause a struggle, and useful variations are preserved.

Organisms alter their surroundings and so shape the selection pressures acting on their descendants and neighbours.

A method that dates genes by evolutionary origin and applies those ages to cancer and engineered tissues.

The explanation of living activity by purpose, and the long dispute over whether it needs a plan.

How hydrogen and hydroxyl ion concentrations are held steady in water, blood and tissue.

Whether living membranes push oxygen against a gradient, in fish swim bladders and lungs at altitude.

A salt harmful alone is made less harmful by another; balanced mixtures protect living cells.

Breathing is driven by the chemical state of blood and alveolar air, mainly carbon dioxide tension.

The view that living responses follow from definite conditions, tested by experiment.

Child's method of ranking body regions by speed of reagent damage, read as metabolic rate.

A travelling change in protoplasm, read by Child as a moving gradient and by Bose as common to plants.

How reflex arcs differ from nerve trunks in grading, tiring and adding up stimuli.

Plant bending toward or away from light and gravity, and how the sense can change.

Stability of an organism's inner conditions, from Bernard's milieu intérieur to setpoints for anatomy.

How vessel width is set by a central vasomotor centre and by local tissue needs.

Lumen pH acts as a signal that dissipates excitation and throttles electron flow at cytochrome b6f.

Haldane's claim that memory is physiologically the same kind of thing as adaptation.

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA cause inherited disease and, in milder forms, may supply bioenergetic variation.

The star-shaped fibre figure that forms around the centrosome and divides the chromosomes in cell division.

How the iron pigment of blood binds and releases oxygen, and how it affects carbon dioxide uptake.

Organisms as multifactorial systems where lower-level changes are buffered and order arises from stochastic processes.