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… Oxidative phosphorylation couples electron transfer through respiratory complexes I–IV to proton translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane, generating a proton motive force that drives ATP synthase (complex V). ANT completes this system by catalyzing the electrogenic exchange of ADP3− and ATP4−, thereby maintaining cytosolic ATP/ADP ratios …

Accordingly, the development of efflux pump inhibitors that simultaneously disrupt drug export and proton motive force utilization represents a promising strategy for restoring antibiotic efficacy against MDR Gram-negative pathogens (Gaurav et al., 2023; Kumawat et al., 2023). The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive …

… Complexes I, III, and IV (proton pumps) translocate protons into the inter-membrane space giving rise to a ΔpH which, coupled to the inner membrane electric potential (Δψm), generates the proton-motive force (ΔμH+ or Δp), driving, in the end, ATP synthesis.

… This “source-to-sink” proximity creates a steep local pH gradient and an enhanced proton motive force specifically around the ATP synthase, forcing protons to flow through the catalytic motor rather than dissipating into the bulk matrix. This kinetic coupling ensures that ATP generation remains efficient even when …

In FOF1 ATP synthase, driven by the proton motive force across the membrane, the FO motor rotates the central rotor and induces conformational changes in the F1 motor, resulting in ATP synthesis. Recently, many near-atomic resolution structural models have been obtained using cryo-electron microscopy. Despite high …

… How could the primordial “pre-life” entity have the ability to control its inside as well as outside for maintaining trans-membrane potential (TMP; including proton-motive force or pmf) before such a complex membrane could have ever developed? How can contemporary cells continue to do so, even …

… Because ATP synthase requires Pi as substrate, Pi availability—and thus TPT-mediated return—feeds back onto ATP production from pmf, providing another route by which carbon-export status influences how proton-motive energy is cashed out (Cruz et al., 2001; Golding and Johnson, 2003).

This review describes a proton-centric view of leaf photosynthesis in which the partitioning of the thylakoid proton motive force (pmf)—the balance between ΔpH and Δψ—links light harvesting, ATP synthesis, photoprotection, and downstream carbon metabolism. Proton pumps in LEF and CEF build pmf; ATP synthase and …

… Antibiotic accumulation inside the bacterial cells can disrupt the Proton Motive Force (PMF) by increasing proton concentration inside the cell. After the accumulation of antibiotics, protons started to accumulate in the inner membrane of the bacteria, leads to directly damage the cytoplasmic membrane or indirectly affect components of …

This gradient produces the proton motive force (PMF or ∆p), which can be described as a measure of the potential energy stored across the IMM. Since protons are electrically charged particles, the PMF has both chemical and electric components. The electric component corresponds to the voltage difference across …

ATP synthesis by the action of FOF1 ATP synthase is driven by the proton motive force, which is the sum of contributions from the proton concentration gradient and membrane electrical potential as pointed out by Mitchell (1961). For the former, the pH values on the IMS and matrix …

Several recent investigations highlight the translational promise of both allosteric inhibitors and proton-motive-force (PMF)-targeting agents for combating antimicrobial-resistant infections in-vivo. These findings are primarily derived from well-established animal models, including murine systemic infection models, pulmonary infection models, and MRSA infection models, which …

… This generates the proton-motive force, which is composed of both a pH gradient and the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) [4] allowing ATP synthase (complex V) to harnesses this electrochemical gradient to produce ATP.

… This blockage abrogates the Proton Motive Force (PMF)-driven functional rotation that effectively “freezing” the pump and halting drug extrusion (Wang et al., 2017; Plé et al., 2022). Molecular dynamics simulations also focus on inhibitors-based restriction of transmembrane helices flexibility, preventing the remodeling of the drug-binding …

… The protonated piperazine moiety of BDM88855 forms critical interactions with catalytic residues within the pump, blocking the proton motive force essential for transport and disrupting the functional rotation mechanism (Table 2; Plé et al., 2022). Besides pyridylpiperazines, other allosteric EPIs have been identified, including arylpiperazines like NMP (1 …

In durum wheat mitochondria (DWM) the ATP-inhibited plant mitochondrial potassium channel (PmitoKATP) and the plant uncoupling protein (PUCP) are able to strongly reduce the proton motive force (pmf) to control mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species; under these conditions, mitochondrial carriers lack the driving force for transport …

The efficiency of bacterial efflux pumps is closely linked to the energetic state of the cell, particularly the membrane potential (ΔΨ) component of the proton motive force (PMF), which drives proton-dependent transport systems, including the RND, MFS, and MATE pump families. Perturbation of ΔΨ reduces the energetic …

… These structural insights have established that binding of allosteric inhibitors at these sites modulates the conformational dynamics essential for pump function, disrupting proton motive force coupling and substrate transport without directly competing with antibiotics at the active site (Plé et al., 2022; Roy et al., 2024). Plé et …

… Among these systems, proton-motive force (PMF) dependent Resistance, Nodulation–Division (RND) efflux pumps, such as AcrAB-TolC, play a central role in both intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance by expelling structurally diverse antimicrobial agents. Recent evidence indicates that efflux pumps are not merely drug extrusion devices but …

… Efflux pumps harness the proton motive force (PMF), an electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane, as the primary energy source for substrate extrusion. Disruption or alteration of this membrane potential directly affects pump activity and efficiency (Whittle et al., 2024). Genetic knockout or functional inactivation of efflux pumps …