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… 8 and 9. —Diagram indicating orientation of neurons for flexor and extensor muscles of third and fifth pairs of legs to explain galvanotropic reaction. (After Loeb and Maxvrell.) When the current goes from tail to head the cell bodies of the extensors of the third and of the …

All the phenomena of galvanotropism are, therefore, reduced to changes in the tension of associated muscles or contractile elements, as a consequence of which the motion of the organism toward one pole is facilitated, while the motion toward the opposite pole is rendered difficult. Galvanotropism is, therefore, a …

… vols. New York. — Stahl, E., 1884. Zur Biologie der Myxomyceten: Bot. Zeitung, XL, 146-155; 162-175; 187-191. — Statkewitsch, P., 1903. Ueber die Wirkung der Induktionsschlage auf einige Ciliata: Le Physiologiste Russe, III, 55 pp. — Id., 1903 a. Galvanotropism and galvanotaxis of organisms. Part First. Galvanotropism and

… The real analogy for heliotropic reactions are forced movements and other tropisms, e.g., galvanotropism or geotropism-. Since forced movements (e.g., in Meniere’s disease) and galvanotropic reactions caused by a constant current through our head are not determined or accom¬ panied by special sensations, the same …

1 Abbott, J. F., and Lite, A. C.: Galvanotropism in Bacteria. Am. J. 2 Adams, G. P. : On the IsTegative and Positive Phototropism of the Earthworm Allolohophora foetida (Sav.) as Determined by Light of Different Intensities. Am. J. Physiol., 1903, ix, 26-34. 3 Allee, W. C. : An …

… Holmes states for the heliotropic reactions of this organism, that they are due to differences in the activity of the cilia on both sides of the organism and this ex¬ planation agrees with the actual observations of Bancroft on the galvanotropic reactions of Volvox.

… In galvanotropism the same general picture is presented by Palcemonetes and Amhlystoma when the anode is at the head end, the tonus changes involved being identical in the two conditions

A similar meclianism of galvanotropic conduct exists in Volvox & spherical, unicellular organism which is sur¬ rounded hy cilia on its whole surface. A definite pole of the organism is always foremost in all locomotions. This organism usually swims to the anode when in a galvanic field. Bancroft made …

… The Mechanism of Galvanotropic Orientation in 22 Banta, a. M.:' Experiments on the Light and Tactile Reactions of a Cave Variety and an Open Water Variety of an Amphipod Species. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., 1913, x, 192. 24 Barratt, j. 0. W.: Der Einfluss der Konzentration …

It is not difficult to suggest by aid of a diagram the arrangement of the elements in the central nervous system required to bring about the phenomena of galvanotropism just described for Palcemonetes. We take it for granted that the regular phenomena of anelectrotonus and cate- lectrotonus of …

… Phenomena of galvanotropism can he observed also in infusorians. Thus Verworn*®® observed that when a current goes through a trough containing Paramcscia the animals will all move toward the cathode. The mech¬ anism of the reaction was discovered by Ludloff.®” The locomotion of Paramcecium is brought about by …

… We found it advisable to increase the intensity very gradually by increasing slowly the resistance of a rheostat in a short circuit until the phenomenon of galvanotropism appeared most strikingly. When the current is too strong or too weak the phenomena are no longer clear. The com¬ mon …

… The same author discovered that Euglena are galvanotropic when raised in acid media. On account of the asymmetry of their locomotor apparatus they are compelled to swim in a spiral, in most cases to the cathode, exceptionally to the anode. Bancroft showed that the orientation of these organisms …

… The galvanotropic facts men- tioned in Chapter XI. show most conclusively that in Crustaceans and Vertebrates there exists a relation between the orientation and function of certain motor elements, and a similar relation also finds expression in the experiments on the horizontal semicircular canal.1

… The case is similar to that of galvanotropism when the current goes through an animal lengthwise (see previous chapter). We must conclude from the observations of Holmes and Garrey, which will he discussed farther on, that if the head of a positively heliotropic animal is turned to a …

1 This explains the galvanotropic gatherings observed by Hermann, Blasius and Schweitzer, and others. position of the legs. In the third pair the tension of the flexors predominates, in the fifth the tension of the extensors. The animal can thus move off easily with the pulling of the …

… This must be taken into consideration in galvanotropic experiments. appendages, and the tail also, are stretched backward or dorsad to their fullest extent. This proves that the tension of the muscles that move those organs back- wards is greater than that of their antagonists. The shrimp can thus …

… Experiments on galvanotropism of ani- mals have proved that a simple relation must exist between the orientation of certain motor elements in the central nervous system and the direction of the movements of the body which is called forth by the activity of these elements. This perhaps creates …

… The flight of the moth into the flame is in reality only the result of a tropism, — heliotropism, which differs from galvanotropism chiefly in that the rays of light take the place of the curves of the current. The reader knows that certain plants when exposed to the …

… This relation is of interest in view of galvanotropic experiments, which we shall discuss later on. It is furthermore probable from v. Uex- kiill's experiments that the act of eating depends upon the integrity of the first central ganglion, while the second and third central ganglia are …